Sharing data between wireless switches system and method

ABSTRACT

A technique for facilitating the management of a wireless database related to station records and radio-frequency (RF) information by reducing unnecessary sharing of the data among wireless switches, thus enhancing efficiency in a wireless network. A system constructed according to the technique includes a collection of wireless switches with each switch having associated access points (AP), an AP database distributed throughout the collection of wireless switches, and at least one station radio frequency (RF) database. The AP database includes data associated with ownership of the AP&#39;s by the switches, and the station RF database includes wireless station information and RF information. AP radio adjacency is determined by whether an AP owned by a specific switch can detect the other AP owned by another switch. The station and RF information database is shared only within the subset of switches that have AP radio adjacency.

BACKGROUND

A wireless network typically includes a number of wireless switches, and each of the switches typically includes multiple access points (APs) that couple wireless stations to the respective switches. Typically, a station will be within range of only a subset of the APs. However, since the station can roam to potentially any other AP associated with the wireless network, the wireless switches must share information about the station, and indeed all of the wireless stations and radio frequency (RF) data throughout the wireless network.

The sharing of data between all of the switches is not a problem for relatively small wireless networks. However, as the size of the wireless network grows, the number of switches also grows accordingly, as does the size of the database storing station and RF data. This may result in a scaling problem as the size of the database increases, which may translate into increased maintenance costs, network costs, and latency.

These are but a subset of the problems and issues associated with sharing data between wireless switches, and are intended to characterize weaknesses in the prior art by way of example. The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.

SUMMARY

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools, and methods that are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. In various embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems have been reduced or eliminated, while other embodiments are directed to other improvements.

A technique for facilitating the management of a wireless database related to station records and radio-frequency (RF) information by reducing unnecessary sharing of the data among wireless switches enhances efficiency in a wireless network. A system constructed according to the technique includes a collection of wireless switches with each switch having one or more associated access points (AP). The system further includes at least one wireless database. The system may further include an AP database distributed throughout the collection of wireless switches. The AP database includes data associated with ownership of the AP's by the switches, and the wireless data database includes, for example, wireless station information and RF information. AP radio adjacency is determined by whether an AP owned by a specific switch can detect an AP owned by another switch. The station and RF information database is shared only within the subset of switches that have AP radio adjacency.

The proposed system can offer, among other advantages, relatively small databases for use when sharing data between wireless switches. This and other advantages of the techniques described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following descriptions and a study of the several figures of the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the figures. However, the embodiments and figures are illustrative rather than limiting; they provide examples of the invention.

FIG. 1 depicts an example of a network with multiple wireless switches.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of a system with contiguous radio domains.

FIG. 3 depicts an example of a connected graph where nodes represent APs and edges represent the property that the APs connected by the edge can currently hear each other through their radios.

FIG. 4 depicts an example of a system with multiple contiguous radio domains and respective wireless data databases.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of an AP.

FIG. 6 depicts an example of a wireless switch.

FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart of an example of a method for maintaining a scalable dynamic station RF database.

FIG. 8 depicts an example of a diagrammatic illustration showing station radio-frequency (RF) database sharing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, several specific details are presented to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or in combination with other components, etc. In other instances, well-known implementations or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of various embodiments, of the invention.

FIG. 1 depicts an example of a system 100 with multiple wireless switches. In the example of FIG. 1, the system 100 includes a network 102, wireless switches 104-1 to 104-N (collectively referred to as the wireless switches 104), and access points (APs) 106-1 to 106-N (collectively referred to as the respective APs 106). For illustrative purposes only, there are N₁ APs 106-1, N₂ APs 106-2, and N_(N) APs 106-N. However, even one AP would be sufficient for a switch to couple a station (not shown) to the network 102.

The network 102 may include an Internet protocol (IP) network. In an embodiment, the network 102 is a wired backbone to which the wireless switches 104 are coupled. However, the network 102 may alternatively represent the network, or any other network, to which a backbone network is coupled. Thus, the network 102 could include, for example, the Internet.

The wireless switches 104 are typically wire connected to the respective APs 106. Thus, the “wireless” switch should be thought of as a switch for wireless traffic, The wireless switches 104 themselves are not wirelessly connected to anything. An AP and a wireless switch could be combined into a single device. However, in this description, the functionality of an AP is differentiated from the functionality of a switch by acting as if the APs and the wireless switches are distinct devices.

In the example of FIG. 1, each of the wireless switches 104 is associated with the respective APs 106, and the wireless switches 104 control the respective APs 106. In an embodiment, the respective APs 106 include radio transmitters and receivers (transceivers) that are used to provide wireless network connectivity for users and client access to the functions of the wireless switches 104. Within an IEEE 802.11 context, a station is any IEEE 802.11 entity or the equivalent in other related standards, and it may be roaming or stationary.

It will be appreciated in light of the description provided herein that although aspects of the invention are described relative to IEEE 802.11 standards, and that certain embodiments have particular features that are implemented within the 802.11 context, the invention itself is not limited to 802.11 networks and may generally be applied to any wireless network; and to the extent that future technological enhancements might obscure the distinctions between wireless switches, APs, and/or stations, the invention is understood to include components providing the features of such switches, access points, and stations independently of how they are packaged, combined, or labeled.

Wireless data may include, by way of example but not limitation, station association data and RF environment data. The station and RF data is used by the wireless switches 104 to support features including roaming, auto channel selection, rogue AP detection, intrusion detection and the launching of countermeasures. A wireless switch of the wireless switches 104 shares wireless data with a subset of the wireless switches 104. Specifically, the wireless switch shares information with those switches that have respective APs 106 with radio adjacency.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of a system 200 with contiguous radio domains. In the example of FIG. 2, the system 200 includes switches 201-209, domains 211-219, and a station 220. (It may be noted that the domain 215 has not been labeled with a reference numeral because it is difficult to fit in the figure, but since the domains 211-214, 216-219 have been labeled, the figure is clear.)

In the example of FIG. 2, the domains 211-219 are switch-specific in that each domain has within it a particular wireless switch (e.g., domain 211 includes the wireless switch 201, domain 212 includes the wireless switch 202, etc.). In an alternative, there may be multiple switches per domain. A radio service space is a switch-specific domain in which the switch has sufficient RF signal strength to communicate with an entity in the domain. Thus, if the station 220 roams into the domain 214, APs associated with the switch 204 should be able to communicate with the station 220.

The domains 211-219 may be part of a global radio domain (not shown), that may include other domains (not shown). Thus, the domains 211-219 may be thought of as a subset of the global radio domain. The global radio domain need not be contiguous, but in practice it is likely to be so.

In the example of FIG. 2, the domain 214 is a contiguous with the domains 211, 215, and 217 (because the radio coverage of the domain 214 overlaps with that of the domains 211, 215, and 217). A contiguous radio domain is an area where there is uninterrupted (or substantially uninterrupted) radio connectivity. Thus, the domains 211, 214, 215, and 217 may be referred to as a contiguous radio domain. Since, in the example of FIG. 2, the domains 211-219 are switch-specific, the contiguous radio domain that includes the domains 211, 214, 215, and 217, may be referred to as the contiguous radio domain 214 because the domain 214 is the domain with which the other domains overlap. This naming convention should enable one to refer to any specific contiguous radio domain with a unique reference numeral.

Wireless switches that lie in a contiguous radio domain may be referred to as “contiguous” wireless switches. For instance, in the example of FIG. 2, the wireless switches 201, 204, 205, and 207 may be referred to as contiguous radio switches because they lie in a contiguous radio domain. Contiguous wireless switches may write to, read from, or otherwise access station and radio frequency (RF) data in a shared database. Contiguous wireless switches do not usually include all of the wireless switches in the wireless network; only the switches in the contiguous radio domain share information with each other.

Any single switch may be a member of more than one contiguous radio domain and therefore may share information with other switches that belong to more than one contiguous radio domain. For instance, in the example of FIG. 2, the wireless switch 205 is in a contiguous radio domain 215 that includes wireless switches 202, 204, 206, and 208. However, the wireless switch 205 is also in a contiguous radio domain 214 that includes wireless switches 201, 204, and 207.

As is illustrated by the dashed arrow in FIG. 2, the station 220 will pass through the system 200. Notably, the station 220 always roams to a contiguous switch, Thus, the station 220 never really leaves a contiguous radio domain. For instance, the station 220 roams from domain 214 to domain 215. Domains 214, 215 are part of a contiguous radio domain (e.g., contiguous radio domain 214 or 215), The station 220 then roams from domain 215 to domain 218. Domains 215, 218 are also part of a contiguous radio domain (e.g., contiguous radio domain 215 or 218). And so forth.

FIG. 3 depicts an example of a connected graph 300 where nodes represent APs and edges represent the property that the APs connected by the edge can currently hear (or equivalently, currently receive and understand, an RF transmission from) each other through their radios. Where the graph is not connected, the nodes should not be considered as part of the same contiguous radio domain. It may be appreciated that owing at least to possible changing radio propagation parameters, the contiguous radio domain and its representation as a graph may change dynamically over time.

In the example of FIG. 3, the connected graph 300 includes nodes 301, 302, 303, 304, and 305, and a contiguous radio domain 310. Notably, the contiguous radio domain 310 includes nodes 302, 303, 304, which are connected to one another, but not 301, 305, which are connected to only one or two of the nodes 302, 303, 304.

FIG. 4 depicts an example of a system 400 with multiple contiguous radio domains and respective wireless data databases. In the example of FIG. 4, the system 400 includes wireless switches 402-1 to 402-3 (referred to collectively as wireless switches 402), APs 404-1 to 404-3 (referred to collectively as APs 404), wireless data databases 406-1 to 406-3 (referred to collectively as the wireless data databases 406), and a station 410. The wireless data databases 406 are associated with respective contiguous radio domains.

The wireless switch 402-1 is coupled to the wireless data database 406-1 and the AP 404-1. In addition, because the wireless switch 402-1 is contiguous with the wireless switch 402-2, the AP 404-1 is in range of the AP 404-2. Also, for the same reason, the wireless switch 402-1 is coupled to the wireless data database 406-2.

The wireless switch 402-2 is coupled to the wireless data database 406-2 and the AP 404-2. In addition, because the wireless switch 402-2 is contiguous with the wireless switch 402-3, the AP 404-2 is in range of the AP 404-3. Also, for the same reason, the wireless switch 402-2 is coupled to the wireless data database 406-3 (and to the wireless data database 406-1).

The wireless switch 402-3 is coupled to the wireless data database 406-3 and the AP 404-3. In addition, because the wireless switch 402-3 is contiguous with the wireless switch 402-2, the wireless switch 402-3 is coupled to the wireless data database 406-2.

In the example of FIG. 4, for illustrative purposes, it is assumed that the wireless switch 402-1 and the wireless switch 402-3 are not contiguous. Under these circumstances, the AP 404-1 and the AP 404-3 cannot hear one another and the wireless switches 402-1, 402-3 do not have radio adjacency.

The wireless data databases 406 include data for their associated contiguous radio domain. The data may or may not be redundantly stored. For example, the wireless data database 406-1 includes data associated with a first contiguous radio domain that includes the wireless switch 402-2. However, the wireless data database 406-2 includes data associated with a second contiguous radio domain that also includes the wireless switch 402-2. Accordingly, the data associated with the wireless switch 402-2 could be redundantly stored. Alternatively, the data associated with the wireless switch 402-2 could be stored in elation to the wireless switch 402-2 itself In this alternative, the wireless data databases 406 may be thought of as distributed databases that include data stored locally with respect to the relevant wireless switches 402.

The wireless data databases 406 includes wireless data such as, by way of example but not limitation, station record and RF information. In an embodiment, the station record arid RF information are stored in RAM, as opposed to non-volatile storage, to facilitate rapid access to the data. However, the wireless data databases 406 may include any known or convenient memory having sufficient speed for a particular implementation.

The station record information may include identification of the station and the station's association with APs 404 (or other APs). The RF information may include what each AP can hear on the RF, e.g. known APs, unknown APs, any other stations, and the like. Advantageously, in the example of FIG. 4, no central configuration, server, or database is required, because the switches 402 maintain associations directly with other switches based on AP radio adjacency, independent of any central configuration.

In an embodiment, the station RF information is either added and immediately distributed to all members of the contiguous radio domain or stored locally and then accessed via broadcast queries. As the number of switches in the contiguous radio domain grows, the process of adding information to the database and distributing it or performing broadcast queries grows.

When conventional techniques are applied, with respect to any one switch, the data-processing and communication with other switches grows linearly as N−1, since for each added switch must store data or information for every other switch and communicate with every other switch. Advantageously, at some point, adding additional APs to a contiguous radio domain becomes redundant (since all APs of the radio domain can hear one another). In other words, the techniques described herein are effective to keep N small. More specifically, C is typically less than 10 in an arbitrarily large global radio domain, where C is the average number of switches in a contiguous radio domain. So, computational complexity of a network that incorporates techniques described herein scales to a constant C (probably less than 10), while prior art networks scale to O(N). In large networks N can be an order of magnitude or more larger than C.

When conventional techniques are applied, for the set of all switches, the network cost grows non-linearly as N×(N−1) or approximately N² for large N (i.e., the number of connections grows at O(N²)). For large N, this can become unmanageable at arbitrarily large N. Advantageously, using techniques described herein, the number of connections scales to a constant O(C²), which makes an arbitrarily large global radio domain manageable.

As an aid to understand the potential scalability problem, if each of a number of N switches in a wireless network consisting (or at least including) of N total switches needs to communicates with the other N−1 switches, then the non-linear growth is on the order of N(N−1) or approximately N² for N being other than a small number. For very large collection of N switches, this can be a scaling problem, in terms of the size of the database, network cost, and latency. For example, if N is one-hundred switches then N²=10000, and if N=1000 switches then N²=1,000,000. These numbers of switches and more are already contemplated for current and near-term future configurations. In a wireless network environment that might span an entire research campus, university, industrial facility, or even a small town or major metropolitan area, wireless networks having tens or thousands of switches may be contemplated, and were conventional technology to be utilized, the overhead and administrative burden of managing the information for the network as well as the memory requirements of each switch or other device storing the database might be prohibitive.

The increased size of a database may affect, and for large number of switches and/or stations will affect, the requirement of memory size or other physical device size. Any increase in physical memory requirements will also cause an increased cost of the device incorporating the larger memory. If the distribution of the database information needs more resources such as time and RF bandwidth, the network cost of the bandwidth utilization increases. Also, if the latency involved in receiving the database increases, it affect the network efficiency and performance. For networks supporting mobile stations that are physically moving into, out of or between different physical locations within the network, the lack of scalability of conventional systems and methods may break down to the point that the conventional system and method are incapable of supporting changes within the network.

Advantageously, the wireless data databases 406 share only a subset of the wireless data of a global radio domain. The information a wireless switch needs to make RF environmental decisions comes from switches with which it shares an AP radio adjacency. For a very large global radio domain, this can result in a significant reduction in the amount of data that a switch needs to share.

For example, even for an arbitrarily large number N of total switches in a wireless network, the number of switches having adjacent access points might be some number between about two AP's and about ten AP's, though these numbers do not represent limitations. Thus, the physical device requirements such as memory are reduced to tolerable numbers and the communications are likewise reduced as compared to a conventional system and method where the increases are on the order of N².

The reduction in turn may help to mitigate the scaling problem mentioned above, in terms of network cost, switch cost, and network latency. Also, by reducing processing time of unnecessary data content, it may help the station 410 to roam seamlessly in the wireless network, as compared to a conventional network implementation where for a large number of switches, the same station may not be able to roam seamlessly because the physical movement might outpace the ability of the system to track or maintain communication with the station.

In the example of FIG. 4, in operation, the AP 404-1 listens for other APs on the network and hears the AP 404-2. The findings are reported back to the wireless switch 402-1. Listening may include operating in a receive signal mode where an AP attempts to detect RF; signal transmissions from other access points or stations. Typically, the AP will be understood to hear other AP's when it listens if the signal strengths of received signals are of sufficient strength (and with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio) to provide usable signal. The switch 402-1 knows of the existence of all other switches in the contiguous radio domain and their associated AP's (e.g., wireless switch 402-2, AP 404-2). This data may be stored in the appropriate one or more of the wireless data databases 406.

The wireless switches 402 do not automatically share RF and session information until they've established an AP adjacency. Once an AP adjacency is discovered by a specific switch and if the AP adjacency discovered is associated with a contiguous switch, the specific switch initiates a session with the switch having AP adjacency, and all RF and station information is now shared between the two switches. So long as an AP adjacency exists between the two switches, the switches share data, which is represented by the coupling of wireless switches to the wireless data databases of contiguous switches in the example of FIG. 4.

If over time, AP adjacency changes, the sharing of data between the two (or more) switches may also change. By way of example, if two switches had an AP adjacency at time t1 and that AP adjacency later disappeared at time t2 (perhaps because of marginal signal strength), then the two switches do not sharp the station RF database anymore and the lost AP adjacency information is updated. Therefore, in an embodiment, the ability to currently receive RF signals transmitted by the other AP owned by another switch is a dynamic ability that may change over time and may be a function of the location of a station relative to an AP radio.

The station 410 is, for illustrative purposes, within RF range of the APs 404.1 and 404-2. The dotted arrow represents the direction the station 410 will roam in this example. The station 410 may be any IEEE 802.11 entity or the equivalent in other related standards. Although the station 410 roams in this example, it could alternatively be stationary.

Initially, the station 410 is assumed to have been associated at AP 404-1 in the contiguous radio domain 408-1. As shown in the example of FIG. 4, the station is within range of the APs 404-1, 404-2. Thus, the station 410 is in either the contiguous radio domain 408-1 or the contiguous radio domain 408-2 (because the station is within range of the APs 404-1, 404-2, both of which are in the contiguous radio domain 408-1 and the contiguous radio domain 408-2). In an embodiment, actually deciding which of the contiguous radio domains to which the station 410 belongs is not necessary, since the data that is needed is available to both the wireless switch 402-1 and the wireless switch 402-2. Thus, if the station 410 changes associations from AP 404-1 to AP 404-2, the handoff is smooth (because the wireless switch 402-2 has access to all of the data it needs).

Later, the station 410 may roam to near the AP 404-3. At this point, the station is presumably no longer in range of the AP 404-1. However, the switch 4024 does not need data associated with the station 410 because the station is now out of range. In addition, the switch 402-3 has access to the data known to wireless data database 406-2 (since it is in a contiguous radio domain). So the handoff of the station 410, if one occurs, will also be smooth.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of an AP 500. In the example of FIG. 5, the AP 500 includes a processor 502 that is coupled to an Ethernet interface 504, a radio 506, and memory 510. The memory includes an RF monitoring module 512 and an active scan module 514. The RF monitoring module 512 monitors the air and the active scan module 514 probes RE channels for other APs on different RE channels. The active scan module 514 may be turned off when, for example, its operation reduces performance of a specific application.

FIG. 6 depicts an example of a wireless switch 600. In the example of FIG. 6, the wireless switch 600 includes a processor 602, an Ethernet interface 604, an adjacent AP data database 606, a detected station data database 608, and memory 610. The Ethernet interface 604 may be used to provide a communication path between the switch 600 and an AP (e.g., the AP 500 of FIG. 5). The adjacent AP data database 606 and the detected station data database 608 may be implemented in RAM or some other sufficiently fast known or convenient memory. The memory 610 includes an RE detect module 612, which may include RF data, and a cluster database module 614. In an embodiment, the memory 610 includes the adjacent AP data database 606 and the detected station data database 608.

In the example of FIG. 6, in an embodiment, the RF detect module 612 sends commands through the Ethernet interface 604 to an AP (not shown). The AP provides data related to anything that it finds. Data related to other APs can be stored in the adjacent AP data database 606, while data related to stations may be stored in the detected station data database 608. Notably, all switches on the wireless network are known to all of the other switches. This data is stored in a cluster database (not shown). The cluster database includes data about AP ownership. The switch 600 can access the data using the cluster database module 614.

Depending upon the wireless technology, all APs may be stations. However, since data associated with each of the stations of the wireless network is stored in a cluster database, the cluster database module 614 can distinguish between APs and clients (and, for example, rogue APs, as well). So data stored in the adjacent AP data database 606 can be limited to that of APs coupled to switches on the wireless network. Thus, when the RF detect module 612 detects a station, the data associated with the station will be stored in the adjacent AP data database 606 or the detected station data database 608 as appropriate. (Other wireless data may also be stored, but that is omitted for the purpose of this example.)

FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart 700 of an example of a method for maintaining a scalable dynamic station RF database. In the example of FIG. 7, the flowchart 700 starts at module 702 where switches of a global radio domain share information about AP ownership. The AP ownership (and other data) may be stored in, for example, a cluster database.

In the example of FIG. 7, the flowchart 700 continues to module 704 where a switch determines what APs are within range. A switch may determine that APs are in range if at least one AP that is coupled to the switch detects the AP. For the purpose of this description, it is assumed that even if only one AP associated with a switch detects another AP, the detected AP is adjacent. However, it may be desirable to include a threshold determination (e.g., a “strong adjacency threshold”) that requires more in order for a switch to be treated as contiguous.

In the example of FIG. 7, the flowchart 700 continues to module 706 where, for each AP within range, the switch determines AP ownership. AP ownership may be determined by, for example, consulting a cluster database. Notably, rogue APs can be identified with this determination (and appropriate countermeasures taken).

In the example of FIG. 7, the flowchart 700 continues to module 708 where the switch concludes it has radio adjacency to switches that own APs within range; the switch and the adjacent switches make up a contiguous radio domain. It may be noted that the switch may “conclude” it has radio adjacency without taking any affirmative steps. Thus, module 708 may or may not be a no-op.

In the example of FIG. 7, the flowchart 700 continues to module 710 where the switch adds data associated with adjacent switches to a contiguous radio domain database. The contiguous radio domain database may or may not be local with respect to the switch.

In the example of FIG. 7, the flowchart 700 continues to module 712 where station data and RF data is shared within the contiguous radio domain. For example, as a station roams from an AP of a first switch to an AP of a second switch, where the first and second switch are part of the contiguous radio domain, the second switch has access to the station data and RF data. Thus, the transition between the first and second switch is smooth (e.g., the data does not have to “catch up with” the station as it roams).

Advantageously, as the station roams, the records need only be propagated within the subset of the domains that are adjacent to one another. This enables wireless networks to scale arbitrarily large.

FIG. 8 depicts an example of a diagrammatic illustration 800 showing station radio-frequency (RF) database sharing. The example of FIG. 8 shows at least one embodiment of the sharing scheme of the station RF database. The RF information should include all known and unknown stations, not just APs, which are a special kind of station. Various embodiments may provide for a local database defined within a storage media of each switch, such as a RAM memory 800, as well as for a data base that is distributed between and among a plurality of switches.

The data or information stored within each switch may generally differ from switch to switch, and the organization or structure of data or information in each switch may or may not be the same. Persistent memory may be used for storage if there is a desirability to maintain the most recent memory contents in the event of a power do or power off situation, however such persistent memory is not required because in at least one non-limiting embodiment, the information is newly gathered when a switch is powered up or reinitiated.

The database or data structure includes a first storage (such as a first field or register) for storing a station information 802 and a second storage (such as for example a second field or register or record) for storing an RF information 804 for each switch. In another embodiment, a common storage (such as a common field or register or record) may store both the station information 802 and the RF information 804. In one embodiment, the station information 802 may include an identification of any detected stations and location record; and, the RF information 804 may include an access-point (AP) information of known APs, unknown APs, and AP radio adjacency 806, where the adjacency may be determined by whether an AP owned by a specific switch can receive RF signals transmitted by the other AP owned by another switch.

Since switch 10 shares a radio adjacency with switch 20, they share the station RF database. Also, since switch 20 shares a radio adjacency with switch 30, they share the station RF database. However, switch 30 and switch 10 do not share a radio adjacency and therefore do not include each others' information. So, the station information and RF information on switch 10 include what it learns from its APs plus what switch 20 has learned from its APs, Switch 20 .DB includes switch 20's, switch 10's and switch 30's information. Switch 30 includes switch 30's and switch 20's. Switch 10 does not include switch 30's and switch 30 does not include switch 10's. Advantageously, the amount of information stored on switch 10 and switch 30 is then half of what it would be without using the techniques described herein.

As used herein, the term “embodiment” means an embodiment that serves to illustrate by way of example but not limitation. It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the preceding examples and embodiments are exemplary and not limiting to the scope of the present invention. It is intended that all permutations, enhancements, equivalents, and improvements thereto that are apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings are included within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims include all such modifications, permutations and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. 

1. A system, comprising: (1) a first wireless switch coupled to a first access point, (2) a second wireless switch coupled to a second access point that is radio adjacent to the first access point, and (3) a third wireless switch coupled to a third access point that is not radio adjacent to the first access point; the first wireless switch configured to be coupled to a first database including wireless data associated with the first wireless switch; the first wireless switch configured to be coupled to a second database (1) including the wireless data associated with the first wireless switch, (2) including wireless data associated with the second wireless switch based on the second access point being radio adjacent to the first access point, the wireless data associated with the second wireless switch including access point radio adjacency information associated with the second access point, and (3) not including wireless data associated with the third wireless switch based on the third access point that is not radio adjacent to the first access point.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the third access point is radio adjacent the second access point, the first wireless switch is configured to be coupled to the third wireless switch including a third database storing wireless data associated with the second wireless switch based on the third access point being radio adjacent the second access point.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the third access point is not radio adjacent the second access point, the first wireless switch is configured to be coupled to the third wireless switch including a third database not storing wireless data associated with the second wireless switch based on the third access point not being radio adjacent to the second access point.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first wireless switch is configured to be coupled to the first access point including a module monitoring a radio frequency to establish radio adjacency.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the first database is distributed among the first wireless switch, the second wireless switch and the third wireless switch.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the wireless data associated with the first wireless switch includes radio adjacency information associated with the first access point.
 7. A method comprising: (1) storing, in a database, wireless data associated with a first wireless switch coupled to a first access point, (2) detecting a second wireless switch coupled to a second access point that is radio adjacent to the first access point, and (3) detecting a third wireless switch coupled to a third access point not being radio adjacent to the first access point; receiving wireless data associated with the second wireless switch; and storing, in the database, the wireless data associated with the second wireless switch based on the second access point being radio adjacent to the first access point, and not wireless data associated with the third wireless switch based on the third access point not being radio adjacent to the first access point.
 8. The method of claim 7, further including receiving the wireless data associated with the second wireless switch.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the database is a first database, the method further comprising defining a second database, the second database configured to include station information and RF information.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the wireless data associated with the second wireless switch includes data associated with the second access point.
 11. The method of claim 7, further comprising: detecting a station; and storing, in the database, data associated with the station.
 12. An apparatus, comprising: a storage media including a memory storing a database portion associated with a first switch being coupled to a second switch and/or to a third switch; the database portion including a first field associated with a station information and a second field associated with an RF information; and the database portion (1) including wireless data associated with the first switch, (2) including wireless data associated with the second switch based on a first access point coupled to the first switch being radio adjacent to a second access point coupled to the second switch, the wireless data associated with the second switch including access point radio adjacency information associated with the second access point, and (3) not including wireless data associated with the third switch based on the first access point coupled to the first switch not being radio adjacent to a third access point coupled to the third switch.
 13. The apparatus as in claim 12, wherein the storage media comprises a solid state memory.
 14. The apparatus as in claim 12, wherein the database portion is a first database portion, the first database portion associated with a database including (1) the first database portion, (2) a second database portion located at the second switch, and (3) a third database portion located at the third switch.
 15. An apparatus, comprising: (1) a first wireless switch configured to be coupled to a first access point, (2) a second wireless switch coupled to a second access point being radio adjacent to the first access point and (3) a third wireless station coupled to a third access point not being radio adjacent to the first access point, the first wireless switch configured to include a memory storing a database including station information and RF information, the RF information including access point radio adjacency data, the first wireless switch configured to include a processor to update the database with the station information and the RF information of the second wireless switch based on the second access point being radio adjacent to the first access point but not update the database with the station information and RF information of the third wireless switch based on the third access point not being radio adjacent to the first access point.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the database is a first database, the wireless switch is configured to include the memory storing a second database including station radio frequency data.
 17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the database includes a first field associated with the station information and a second field associated with the RF information; the station information including identification of any detected stations and location record; the RF information including an access-point information of a known access point, an unknown access point, and an access point radio adjacency, the adjacency being determined by whether an access point owned by the wireless switch can receive RF signals transmitted by the other access point owned by another switch. 